SHAYKH AL ISLAM
JANASHEEN - MUHADDITH AL A'ZAM AL HIND
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A'uzu billahi minashaitanir rajim
This is an expression and a statement that Muslims have to recite before reading the Qur'an al kareem, before speaking, before doing any work, before making a supplication, before taking ablution, before entering the wash room, and before doing many other daily activities. The meaning of this phrase is: I seek refuge from Allah from the outcast Satan. Allah is the Arabic name of God.
Satan (shaytan) is the source of evil and he always tries to misguide and mislead people. The Qur'an states that Satan is not an angel but a member of the Jinn, which are spiritual beings created by Allah. So the belief that Satan is a fallen angel is rejected in Islam.
A.H. (After Hijrah)
Means After Hijrah. It is the reference used in the Islamic calender, instead of A.D. which is used in the Christian calender.
Abd
A prefix used in many Muslim male names in conjunction with a divine attribute of God, meaning "servant." Examples include Abd-Allah ("servant of God"), Abd al-Rahman ("servant of the Most Merciful"), and Abd al-Khaliq ("servant of the Creator").
Abraham
see Ibrahim.
Abu Bakr as-Sideeq (aboo back-er as-saa-dik)
One of the closest companions ofthe Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), given the appelation as-Sadiq, "the Truthful." Upon the passing away of the Noble Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) in 632 C.E., Abu Bakr (Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu) became the first Caliph (successor) and served as leader of the Muslim community until his death in 634 C.E.
Adam (aa-dum)
The first human being, created by God as His vicegerent (responsible deputy) on Earth. Muslims believe Adam(alayhi asalam) was the first Prophet of God as well, establishing monotheism as the original spiritual system of humankind. Islam does not share with Christianity the doctrine of "Original Sin," instead maintaining that each individual person is born sinless and is responsible for his or her own spiritual state, independent of the actions of other persons, past or present.
Adhan (AADHAN ADHAAN AZAN)
The Muslim call to worship. This call for the daily prayers is called the Adhan. The person who calls the Adhan is called a Mu'adhin. A Mu'adhin calls the Adhan five times a day before Muslims are to perform their daily Salah (Prayer).
The Adhan is composed of specific words and phrases to be recited loudly in the Arabic language so that the neighbors can recognize the time schedule for the prayers.
Adl (adil)
Justice and equity. A fundamental value governing all social behaviour and forming the basis of all social dealings and legal framework.
Afdal
The best.
AH
After Hijra. Hijra means emigration. The Islamic calendar starts from the day the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), emigrated from Makkah to Madinah, in 622 A.D.
Ahadeeth (ahadith)
Sayings and traditions of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Singular: Hadith.
Ahl ar-ra'y
Means people of opinion. It is refers to people that are consulted on Islamic matters. These people are highly learned in Islam.
Ahliyah
Legal capacity.
Ahliyat al-add'
Legal capacity for execution.
Ahl al-Hadith
Refers to a heretical group who some say pay greater importance to 'traditions' than to other sources of Islamic doctrine such as al-Quran, and tend to interpret their own philosophy and traditions. Very closely related to the Wahhabis and salafis.
Ahliyat al-wujub
Legal capacity for the acquisition of rights and obligations.
Ahl as-Suffa
Sufism begins with the "people of the bench" - ahl as-suffa. Poor who practiced asceticism, or zuhd (sg. zahid, pl. zuhhad); and lived at Mosque in Madinah during the life of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam)
Ahl as-Sunnah wa' Jama'ah
The people of the traditional way and of the
congregation. Meaning: The people who follow the Prophetic Sunnah and adhere to the largest mass of the Muslims beginning with the congregation of the Noble Companions of the Most Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam).
Antonym: "Ahl al-Bid`a wa al-Dalala" = the people of innovation and misguidance, i.e. all non-Sunni Muslims.
Some proof-texts: “My Community shall divide into seventy-three sects, all of them in the Fire except one: [Those that follow] that which I and my Companions follow.” A sound narration from 'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr by al-Tirmidhi (h.asan gharib).
Ahzab
Means parties. Ahzab is used to describe the different tribes that fought the Muslims in the Battle of the Ditch in 627 C.E., 5 A.H..
Aisha (eye-ee-sha)
Daughter of Hadrat Abu Bakr Sideeq (Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu) and one of the wives of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Hadrat Aisha (Radi Allahu ta'ala anha) transmitted a large number of the Beloved Prophet's (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) hadith, which were compiled by scholars in early Islamic history.
Ajmer
City in Rajasthan state in India, home to Hadrat Khawaja Muinuddin Hasan Chisti Ajmeri Radi Allahu anhu, the great saint also affectionately known as Khawaja Gharib Nawaz. Millions of pilgrims flock to his shrine in Ajmer City on his URS (anniversary) during the blessed month of Rajab.
Ajrul Mithl
A remuneration based on what is customary in the community.
Al-Aamilu - Alaz-Zakah
Zakah collector.
Al-asharatu mubashshirun
The ten people that were given the glad tidings of assurance of entering Paradise. They were Hadrat Abu Bakr as-Sideeq, Hadrat Umar ibn al-Khattab, Hadrat Uthman al-Ghani, Hadrat Maula Ali al-Murtaza, Hadrat Abdur Rahman ibn Awf, Hadrat Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, Hadrat Talhah ibn Ubaydullah, Hadrat az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Hadrat Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Hadrat Sa'id ibn Zayd (May Allah bless them all).
Al-Asma al-Husna
Al-Asma al-Husna, literally meaning the 'most excellent names' used of God, express His greatness and paramountcy, holiness, purity, and the perfection and absoluteness of all His attributes.
Al-hamdu l'illah
Al-hamdu l'illah (Praise be to God)
Al-hamdu lillahi rabbil 'alamin (AL-HAMDO LILLAHI RABBIL 'ALAMIN)
This is a verse from the Qur'an al-kareem that Muslims recite and say many times per day. Other than being recited daily during prayers, a Muslim reads this expression in every activity of his daily life. The meaning of it is : Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds.
A Muslim invokes the praises of Allah before he does his daily work; and when he finishes, he thanks Allah for His favours. A Muslim is grateful to Allah for all His blessings. It is a statement of thanks, appreciation, and gratitude from the creature to his Creator.
Al-Kahf (kaaf)
Cave
Al-Qard al-Hassan
Loans fixed for a definite period of time without interest or profit sharing.
Al-Wadi'ah
This refers to deposits in trust, in which a person may hold property in trust for another, sometimes by implication of a contract.
Al-Wakalah al Mutlaqa
Resale of goods with a discount on the original stated cost.
Alaihis Salaam
May Allah's peace be upon him. Sometimes abbreviated as (A.S.) A phrase which is usually read after the name of a Prophet other than the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) is mentioned.
Ali ibn Abi Talib (alee ibin abee taa-lib)
Sayyadina Hadrat Ali-e-Murtaza (Sher-e-Khuda - Lion of Allah) Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu One of the most faithful Companions of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), he was also Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. He became the fourth Caliph of the early Muslim state in 656 C.E. He is the fourth of the "Rightly-Guided" caliphs in Islam.
Alim (AALIM)
A learned person in Islam, scholar. One who has knowledge. This term refers commonly to a Muslim religious scholar. (pl. Ulama [oo-la-ma] ).
Allah (ALLA, ALAH)
The true name for the creator of the Universe is Allah. He is the Merciful, the Beneficent, the Knowledgeable, the Protector, the Mighty, the God, the Provider, the Exalted, the Lord, the All-Knowing, the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing, the Magnificent, the Wise, the Loving, the First, the Last, and the Eternal. The One deserving all worship", the One to Whom all hearts submit in love, fear, reverence, desire, trust and sincerity, and to Whom all limbs submit in all forms of worship such as prayers, supplications, sacrifices, invocations, etc.
The Qur'an al kareem mentions around 100 beautiful names for Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala) through which Muslims may understand and recognize Him, and His responsibilities for the whole Universe.
Allahu Akbar (ALLAHOO AKBAR, ALLAHU AKBER, ALLAHOO AKBER, ALLAH AKBAR)
This phrase, known as the Takbir, means "God is Greatest" ! This statement is said by Muslims numerous times. During the call for prayer, during prayer, when they are happy, and wish to express their approval of what they hear, when they slaughter an animal, and when they want to praise a speaker, Muslims do say this expression of Allahu Akbar. Actually it is most said expression in the world. Its meaning:Allah is the Greatest. Muslims praise Allah in every aspect of life; and as such they say Allahu Akbar.
Almsgiving Tax
See Zakah.
Amanah
Something given to someone for safekeeping. Trust. The contract of amanah gives rise to fiduciary relationships and duties.
Ameen (Amin)
Custodian or guardian.
Amir
Means leader or commander.
Amir al-mumineen
Means commander of the believers. This title was given to the Khalifah.
Amwal
Wealth. In business context, Amwal means wealth that is contributed as capital in a partnership. Plural: mal.
Angels
See Mala'ikah.
Ansar (ANSAAR)
Means helpers. These were the people of Madinah who responded to the Beloved Prophet's (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) call to Islam and offered Islam a city-state power.
Aqabah
A place just outside of Makkah, in Mina where the first Muslims from Yathrib Madinah pledged allegiance to the Most Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) in the year 621 C.E.. A similar meeting took place the next year when more Muslims from Yathrib pledged their allegiance to the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam).
Aqd
A contract.
Aqd Sahih
A legal contract.
Aqeeda (Aqida Akeeda Akida)
Literally means belief. In Islamic terms, it means the following six articles of faith: 1. Belief in Allah, the One God. 2. Belief in Allah's angels. 3. Belief in His revealed Books. 4. Belief in His Messengers. 5. Belief in the Day of Judgement. 6. Belief in Fate and the Divine Decree.
Ar-Rahmaan
The Keeper of the stores of Mercy
Arabic
The language of the Qur'an al kareem. Arabic is a Semitic language, used throughout the world by Muslims and non-Muslims, Arabs and non-Arabs. Historically, in Muslim civilization Arabic became the language of learning and scholarship, and was the common language for people living as far apart as Spain and China.
Arafat
A plain north of Makkah. It is on this plain that humanity will be raised on the Day of Judgement for questioning and judgement. During the Hajj on the ninth day of the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah, Muslim pilgrims gather on this plain for one day.
Arif (Ar-if)
'Arif: "knower" or "gnostic" who has actually experienced the reality of the Tawhid
Arkan
The elements or essential ingredients of an act, without which the act is not legally valid.
Ash'aris (ash-sha-rees)
Adherents to the doctrinal tenets of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, mostly from the Shafi`i and Maliki Schools of Law, and forming the massive majority of the Ulema of Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama'ah.
Assalamu 'Alaykum
The traditional, time-honoured greeting of Muslims, meaning "Peace be upon you." The appropriate response is "Wa Alaykum As-Salaam," meaning, "And upon you be peace also." Assalamu 'Alaykum - (ASSALAMO ALAIKUM ASALAMO ALAIKUM) This is an expression Muslims say whenever they meet one another. It is a statement of greeting with peace.
Muslims try to establish peace on earth even through the friendly relation of greeting and meeting one another. The other forms are: Assalamu 'Alaykum Wa Rahmatullahi, which means: May the peace and the Mercy of Allah be upon you, and Assalamu 'Alaykum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuhu, which means :May the peace, the mercy, and the blessings of Allah be upon you.
Asabiyyah
Means tribal loyalty, nationalism.
Asr
The late afternoon obligatory Salah, prayer.
Astaghfirullah (ASTAGHFIRALLAH)
This is an expression used by a Muslim when he wants to ask Allah forgiveness. The meaning of it is: I ask Allah forgiveness. A Muslim says this phrase many times, even when he is talking to another person. When a Muslim abstains from doing wrong, or even when he wants to prove that he is innocent of an incident he uses this expression. After every Salah (payer), a Muslim says this statement three times.
Awqaf
Property voluntarily transferred to a charity or trust so that it is use for public benefits.
Awliya (Awliya-Kiram, Awliya-Allah)
The truly pious friends of Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala). Those who Allah has blessed.
Awqiyyah
Means weight, like the ones used to weigh items.
Awrah (aurat)
Parts of the body that are not supposed to be exposed to others. For men this is from the navel to the knee. For the women it is all of her body except the hands, feet, and face.
Ayaat
It is the plural form of Ayah.
Ayah (AYA AYYAH) (EYE-YAH)
The Arabic meaning of Ayah is a miracle and a sign. The Qur'an al kareem is considered to be a miracle itself. Each verse or sentence is called an Ayah or a miracle. The plural of Ayah is called Ayat, which means miracles. There are over 6,600 ayahs in the Qur'an al kareem.
Ayat-ul-kursi
Surah Baqara, Ayah 256 of the Quran al kareem. It is called the throne of the Qur'an al kareem.
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Badiyyah
A desert or semi-arid environment.
Badr
The first full military confrontation between the Muslims and the enemies of Allah. The battle took place between the Muslims and the Quraish of Makkah in the second year of Hijrah (624 C.E.). Even though the Muslims were outnumbered, the final result was to their favour.
Baghdad (Bagh-dad Shareef)
Meaning of the Name "Baghdad" The origin of the name "Baghdad" is under some dispute. Some say it comes from an Aramaic phrase that means "sheep enclosure" (not very poetic..). Others contend that the word comes from ancient Persian: "bagh" meaning God, and "dad" meaning gift. "The gift of God.." During at least one point in history, it certainly seemed so.
The city's roots date back to ancient Babylon, a settlement as far back as 1800 B.C. However, its fame as a center for commerce and scholarship began in the 8th century A.D. In about 762 C.E., the Abbasid dynasty took over rule of the vast Muslim world and moved the capital to the newly-founded city of Baghdad. Over the next five centuries, the city would become the world's center of education and culture. This period of glory has become known as the "Golden Age" of Islamic civilization, when scholars of the Muslim world made important contributions in both the sciences and humanities: medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, literature, and more. Under Abbasid rule, Baghdad became a city of museums, hospitals, libraries, and mosques.
Baghdad is home to the shrine of the great Saint of all saints, al-Ghawth al-A'zam Shaykh Abd'al-Qadir al-Jilani Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu, as well as many other tombs of the Ahl al-Bayt and Awliya-Allah (May Allah be pleased with them all.)
Most of the famous Muslim scholars from the 9th to 13th centuries had their educational roots in Baghdad. One of the most famous centers of learning was Bayt al-Hikmah (the House of Wisdom), which attracted scholars from all over the world, from many cultures and religions. Here, teachers and students worked together to translate Greek manuscripts, preserving them for all time. They studied the works of Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates, Euclid, and Pythagoras. The House of Wisdom was home to, among others, the most famous mathematician of the time: Al-Khawarizmi, the "father" of algebra (which is named after his book "Kitab al-Jabr").
While Europe festered in the Dark Ages, Baghdad was thus at the heart of a vibrant and diverse civilization. It was known as the world's richest and most intellectual city of the time, and was second in size only to Constantinople.
Bai al-urbun
'Urbun refers to the deposit or earnest money that the buyer gives the seller, on the understanding that it will be part of the buying price once the sale is finalised. In the event that the sale falls through the seller keeps this initial amount. Amongst the four Sunni Imam's of Fiqh (jurisprudence), only the Hanbali'yah school of thought have validated al'urbun.
Bai Mu'ajjal (Bay Mu'ajjal )
Sale based on deferred payment, either in a lump sum or instalments.
*A sale in which the parties agree that the payment of price shall be deferred is called a Bai Mu'ajjal.
*Bai Mu'ajjal is valid if the date of payment is fixed in an unambiguous manner.
*The date of payment can be fixed either with reference to a particular date, or by specifying a period, like three months, but it cannot be fixed with reference to a future event where the exact date is unknown or uncertain. If the time of payment is unknown or uncertain, the sale is void.
*If a particular period is fixed for payment, like one month, it will be deemed to commence from the time of delivery, unless the parties have agreed otherwise.
*The deferred price may be more than the cash price, but it must be fixed at the time of sale.
*Once the price is fixed, it cannot be decreased if it was paid earlier, nor can it be increased in the case of default.
*In order to ensure the buyer pays the installments promptly, the buyer may be asked to promise that in the case of default, he will donate some specified amount for a charitable purpose. In such cases, the seller may receive such an amount from the buyer, not as part of his income, but to use it for charitable purposes on behalf of the buyer.
*If the commodity is sold on installment, the seller may put a condition on the buyer that if he fails to pay any installment on its due date, the remaining installments will become due immediately.
*In order to secure the payment, the seller may ask the buyer to furnish a security whether in the form of a mortgage, a lien or a charge on any of his existing assets.
The buyer can also be asked to sign a promissory note or a Bill of Exchange, but the note or the bill cannot be sold to a third party at a price different from its face value.
Bai Salam (Bay Salaam)
This term refers to the advance payment for goods which are delivered later. Normally, no sale can be effected unless the goods are in existence at the time of the bargain. But this type of sale is the exception to the general rule provided the goods are defined and the date of delivery is fixed. The objects of this type of sale are mainly tangible but exclude gold or silver as these are regarded as having monetary value. Barring these, bai al-salam covers almost all things which are capable of being definitely described as to quantity, quality and workmanship. One of the conditions of this type of contract is advance payment; the parties cannot reserve their option of rescinding it but the option of revoking it on account of a defect in the subject matter is allowed. It is also applied to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic banks. It is usually applied in the agricultural sector, where the bank advances money for various inputs to receive a share in the crop, which the bank sells in the market.
Bai'
Literally means sale. Commonly used as a prefix in referring to different types of sales: Muajjal, Murabahah, Tawliyah and Wadi'ah.
Bai' Bithaman Ajil (Al) (Al-Bay-Bithaman Ajil (BBA) financing)
In modern Islamic banking, the term refers to a buying and selling transaction between the bank (or financial institution) and the customer, whereby the former buys a property (or an asset, e.g. a house) at the prevailing market price and sells it to the customer at a mark-up price where payments are made by installments over a period of time agreed upon by both parties. The profit earned by the bank is legitimate from the Shari'ah point of view since the transaction is based on a sale contract rather than a loan contract. Any predetermined profit arising from the loan is prohibited in Islam as it amounts to Riba.
Ba'it (Bay'ah)
Oath. See Bay'ah
Baitul Mal
An Islamic treasury intended for the community development as well as provision for Masakeen (needy Muslims).
Bakka'in
Means weepers. These were the people that could not accompany the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) on his campaign to Tabuk because they lacked the resources to do so. They started to weep when they could not go.
Baligh
One who is has reached the age of maturity.
Baqi (Jannat al Baqi)
The cemetery where a good many of the Sahabah al kiram (ridwan'allah ta'ala alayhi m'ajmain) are buried, as well as thousands of pilgrims. It is in the south-east side of the blessed city of the Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) Madinah t'al Munnawarrah.
Barakah (Ba-ra-kat)
Means blessing or Divine Grace. The transformative blessing power, or the transformative presence of a teacher.
Barak-Allah (BARAKALLA BARAKALAH)
This is an expression which means: May the blessings of Allah (be upon you). When a Muslim wants to thank another person, he uses different statements to express his thanks, appreciation, and gratitude. One of them is to say Baraka Allah.
Bareilly (Bar-relwi) Barelwi Shareef
Famous City in Uttar Pradesh (state) Northern India, the birth and resting place of the great Mujaddid-e-Azam of the 20th century Ala'Hadrat Azeem al Barkat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Rehmatullahi ’Alaih.
Basmalah ( bus-mal-lah)
Name for the Arabic formula pronounced by Muslims at various times for various reasons. The formula 'Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Raheem' means "In the Name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful" and is said before any act or activity of importance, such as travelling, eating a meal, rising from sleep, etc.
Batil
Means false or falsehood.
Batil
Null and void.
Batul
Means ascetic. It is ascribed to Sayyidah Hadrat Fatimah (Radi Allahu ta'ala anha - the Beloved Prophets daughter) and the Virgin Mary.
Bawadi
Plural form of Badiyyah.
Bay'ah (Ba'it)
It is an oath of allegiance. To make a pledge. As from a mureed (disciple) to a Pir (Shaykh)
Bayaan (takreer)
Speech or talk
Bayt al-mal
The State Treasury in an Islamic State.
Bi'thah
The beginning of the Beloved Prophet's (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) mission, his call to Prophethood in 610 C.E..
Bilal ibn Rabah (bee-laal ibin ra-baah)
An early convert to Islam, he was one of the Sahabah (companions) of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). He was also the first mueddhin (caller to prayer) in Muslim history.
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
This is a phrase from the Qur'an al kareem that is recited before reading the Qur'an. It is to be read immediately after one reads the phrase: A'uzu Billahi Minashaitanir Rajim.
This phrase is also recited before doing any daily activity. The meaning of it is: In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.
Buraq (boo-raak)
A winged creature, unknown to earth, which transported the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) from Makkah to Jerusalem and then to Heaven during his miraculous Night Journey and Ascension (Isra' and Mir'aj) in 619 C.E.
Busr
Means partially ripe dates.
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C.E.
Stands for Christian Era/Common Era. It is used instead of A.D. in Islamic text referring to the dates before the Hijrah.
Caliph
See Khalifah
Call to Prayer
See Adhan.
Charity
See Sadaqah.
Covenant
A solemn agreement between two or more persons or groups, a compact between God and man. The Old Testament tells of the covenant the Jews made with Allah.
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Da'iy
Muslim missionary involved in Da'wah. It can also have a general meaning reffering to someone who calls others to a certain belief.
Da'wah
Inviting others to Islam. Missionary work.
Daff
Tambourine oroginated in Arabia. Used to welcome the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa 'aalaihi wa Sallam) when Rasoollallah returned to Madinah t'al Munnawara.
Darood (Dur00d -darud)
The sendings of salutations upon the Beloved of Allah, the Final Messenger Hadrat Muhammad Mustafa (Salla Allahu Ta'ala 'alayhi wa aalihi wa Sallam)
Daroorah
Necessity.
Day of Judgement
Belief in the Day of Judgement is a basic article of faith in Islam. After God ends the present world and order of creation, a day will follow on which He will judge every person according to his or her intentions, deeds, and circumstances. Judgement by God is followed by punishment in Hell or eternal reward in Paradise.
Dayn
Loan or debt.
Declaration of Faith
See Shahadah.
Deen
A term commonly used to mean "religion," but actually referring to the totality of Muslim beliefs and practices. Thus, Islam as a deen is a "complete way of life."
Dhaman al-'Amal
Liability underlying a partnership formed on the basis of labor, where the partner is liable for performing the contract or completing the work accepted by either partner.
Dhaman al-Thaman
Liability underlying a partnership formed on the basis of credit-worthiness where each partner is liable, jointly and severally, for paying the price of goods bought on credit.
Dhikr (Zikr) (dhik-er)
Remembrance for the sake of Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala). Remembrance of Allah [God] through verbal or mental repetition of His divine attributes or various religious formulas, such as "Soob-han Allah," meaning "Glory be to God." Dhikr is a part of traditional Islam and is common practice amongst all Muslims, but is especially emphasised in tasawwuf. ..."Mention God often" (al-Qur'an 3:41)
Dhikr 'Allah
Remembrance of Allah Ta’ala. Refers to every deed or action, intended or carried out, that is aimed at gaining Allah Ta’ala’s pleasure. The five pillars of Islam are its foundation. Recitation of Qur’an is its heart, and invocation of single Name of Allah, it's end.
Dhimmi (dhim-mee)
A non-Muslim living under the protection of a Muslim state. He is exempt from duties of Islam like military and zakah but must instead pay a tax called jizyah.
A person belonging to the category of "protected people" (ahl ad-dhimmah) within the Islamic state. Historically, Jews and Christians traditionally received this status due to their belief in One God, but others such as Zoroastrians, Buddhists and Hindus were also included. Dhimmis had full rights to practice their faith and implement their own religious laws within their communities. In exchange for a guarantee of protection and exemption from military service, dhimmis payed a specific tax to the state, just as their fellow Muslim citizens did.
Dhul Hijjah (Zul Hijja)
The 12th month of the Islamic Calendar. See Hijri.
Dhul Qadah (Zul Qada)
The 11th month of the Islamic Calendar. See Hijri
Dhu-n nurayn (ZHU-N NURAYN)
It means 'Possessor of the Two Lights'. It is used to refer to Uthman ibn Affan Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu because he married two of the Beloved Prophet's (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) blessed daughters.
Diminishing Musharakah
Another form of Musharakah (a financing mode), developed in recent years. According to this concept, a financier and his client participate either in the joint ownership of a property or equipment, or in a joint commercial enterprise. The share of the financier is further divided into a number of units and it is understood that the client will purchase the units of the share of the financier one by one periodically, thus increasing his own share until all the units of the financier are purchased by him so as to make him the sole owner of the property, or the commercial enterprise, as the case may be.
Din (deen)
Means way of life or religion.
Dinar
Gold coinage; one dinar is 4.4 grams of gold.
Dirham
A silver coin. Name of a unit of currency, usually a silver coin used in the past in several Muslim countries and still used in some Muslim countries, such as Morocco and United Arab Emirates.
Dome of the Rock
Name of the famous masjid in Jerusalem built around 691 C.E. by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik Rehmatullahi ’Alaih. The rock within the Masjid structure is the point from which the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) was miraculously ascended to Heaven in 619 C.E. (al-Isra w'al Miraj)
Du'a (doo-ah)
A prayer. Term designating personal prayer, supplication, and communication with God, as distinct from salah (formal worship). Muslims make du'as for many reasons and at various times, such as after salah, before eating a meal, before retiring to sleep, or to commemorate an auspicious occasion such as the birth of a child. Personal du'as can be made in any language, whereas salah is performed in Arabic.
Du'at
Plural of da'iy.
Dunya
This world or life, as opposed to the Hereafer.
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Eid (EED 'EID)
The word 'Eid is an Arabic name to mean a festivity, a celebration, a recurring happiness, and a feast. In Islam, there are three major 'Eids namely the feast of Ramadhan ('EId Al-Fitr), the Feast of Sacrifice ('Eid Al-Adhha), and the third Eid is known as Eid Milad an-Nabi.
The first 'Eid is celebrated by Muslims after fasting the month of Ramadhan as a matter of thanks and gratitude to Almighty Allah. It takes place on the first day of Shawwal, the tenth month of the lunar calendar.
The second 'Eid is the Feast of Sacrifice and it is to be celebrated for the memory of Prophet Ibrahim (alayhi asalam) trying to sacrifice his son Isma'il (Ishmael). This 'Eid lasts four days between the tenth and the thirteenth day of Zul-Hijjah, the twelfth month of the lunar calendar.
The third major Eid recognised and commemorated by the vast majority of muslims worldwide is the 'Eid Milad an-Nabi' or 'Mawlid', and is a celebration of the birth and life of Allahs Most Beloved Final Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Hadrat Muhammad Mustufa (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) was born on the 12th of Rabbi Awwal, and Muslims mark the occasion of praising the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) by visiting the Mosque, listening to lectures and Na'at Shareef held throughout the month of Rabbi al-Awwal.
Eve
See Hawwa
F
F
Fa'idah
Benefit. In investment context it means return on investment.
Fadl (Riba)
A type of interest. Taking something of superior quality in exchange for the same kind of thing of poorer quality. Allah (Subhana wa Ta'ala) has strictly prohibited any kind of Riba and has warned of severe punishment for those who have any association with it. See the Noble Qur' an, Surah Al-Baqara (2):275-280
Fajr (Fajar)
The obligatory salah, prayer, before sunrise.
Falas
Bankrupt
Faqeeh
An Islamic scholar who can give an authoritative legal opinion or judgement.
Faqih
A person who is an expert on Islamic jurisprudence (law), fiqh.
Faqir (fakir)
A poor person. Fakr means poverty.
Fard (furd or farz)
A term designating that which is an obligatory (required) belief or practice in Islam. For example, under normal circumstances, performing wudhu (ritual washing) before offering formal worship is fard for Muslims.
Fard 'Ain
An action which is obligatory on every Muslim.
Fard al-Kifayah
Collective duty. A duty on the whole community. However, if the duty has been fulfilled by a part of that community then the rest are not obliged to fulfill it.
Faruq (Farooq Farouk Farook)
This was the name given to Caliph Hadrat Umar ibn Al-Khattab (Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu) . It means 'One who distinguishes the truth from falsehood'.
Fasad (fah-saad)
Fasad, literally 'corruption', in Qur'anic terminology, means creating disorder and corruption on earth by following a path other than God's. Islam maintains that true peace and happiness emanate only through the observance of God's commands and through making a conscious effort to see that His laws alone are implemented in every sphere of life. Fasad occurs when man violates God's laws and disobeys Him. Fasad may therefore be partial as well as total; partial when one disregards God's law in one aspect of life while acknowledging His sovereignty in other spheres. If a society is based on the denial of God, that society is bound to be a corrupt and exploitative society - hence full of fasad.
Fasiq (FA-SIK)
One of corrupt or evil moral character who engages in various sins.
Fasting
See Sawm.
Fatah (fat-ah)
Means conquest or struggle to victory
Fatwa
A legal verdict given on a religious basis. The sources on which a fatwa is based are the Noble Qur'an, and all authenticated Ahadith. Plural: Fatawa.
Fidyah
Compensation for missing or wrongly practising necessary acts of worship. Fidyah usually takes the form of donating money or foodstuff, or sacrificing an animal.
Fiqh ( FIQAH FIQHA)
The meaning of the word fiqh is understanding, comprehension, knowledge, and jurisprudence in Islam. A jurist is called a Faqih who is an expert in matters of Islamic legal matters. Literally "understanding," this term refers to the body of knowledge and legal opinions developed by Muslim jurists and scholars from the primary sources in Islam, the Qur'an al kareem and the Sunnah of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Fiqh is essentially the interpretation and application of Shari'ah to specific circumstances or issues.
A Faqih is to pass verdicts within the rules of the Islamic Law namely Shariah.
The most famous scholars of Fiqh in the history Muslims are the founders of the four schools of thought in Islam: Imam Abu Hanifah Imam Malik, Imam Ash-Shafi'i, and Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (May Allah be pleased with them).
Anything or action in Islam falls within the following five categories of Fiqh:
1] Fardh (Must): This category is a must for the Muslim to do such as the five daily prayers. Doing the Fardh counts as a good deed, and not doing it is considered a bad deed or a sin.
It is also called Wajib except for Imam Abu Hanifah Rehmatullahi ’Alaih who makes Wajib a separate category between the Fardh and the Mubah.
2] Mandub (Recommended): This category is recommended for the Muslim to do such as extra prayers after Zuhr and Maghrib. Doing the Mandub counts as a good deed and not doing it does not count as a bad deed or a sin.
3] Mubah (Allowed): This category is left undecided and left for the person, such as eating apples or oranges. Doing or not doing the Mubah does not count as a good or bad deed.
Intention of the person can change Mubah to Fard, Mandub, Makruh, or Haram.
Other things could also change the status of the Mubah. For example, any Mubah becomes Haram if it is proven harmful, and any necessary thing to fulfill a Fardh is a Fardh too.
4] Makruh (Hated): This category is a detested and hated such as growing fingernails or sleeping on the stomach. Not doing the Makruh counts as a good deed and doing it does not count as a bad deed.
5] Haram (Prohibited): This category is prohibited for the Muslim to do such as stealing and lying. Doing the haram counts as a bad deed and not doing it counts as a good deed.
Imam Abu Hanifah Rehmatullahi ’Alaih also puts another category between the Makruh and the Haram. It is called Karahah Tahrimiyyah which means hated almost to the level of Haram.
Fisq (Fisq)
Fisq is transgression. It consists of disobedience to the command of God.
Fitnah
Means trouble, civil strife, war, riots.
Fitrah (fit-rah)
An Arabic term designating the innate, original spiritual orientation of every human being towards God the Creator. Muslims believe that God endowed everything in Creation with a tendency towards goodness, piety and God-consciousness, and that one's environment, upbringing, and circumstances serve to enhance or obscure this tendency.
Five Pillars of Islam, The
A term referring to the five core religious practices incumbent upon all Muslims, and which demonstrate a Muslim's commitment to God in word and in deed. They are as follows.
Fuqaha
Plural form of faqih. Jurists.
Furqan (Foor-kan)
G
G
Gabriel
See Jibraeel (alayhi asalam)
Gharar
Uncertainty, hazard, chance or risk, ambiguity and uncertainty in transactions. Technically, the sale of something which is not present at hand; or the sale of something where the consequences or outcome is not known. It can also be a sale involving risk or hazard in which one does not know whether it will come to be or not, such as fish in water or a bird in the air; or an event where assurance or non-assurance is subject to chance and thus not known to parties of a transaction. Can also mean uncertainty or a hazard that is likely to lead to a dispute in a contract.
Gharim
A person in debt.
Ghazi
Muslim soldier, warrior.
Ghazwah
Military expedition.
Ghusl
The full ritual washing of the body with water alone to be pure for the prayer. To do Ghusl: 1. Wash your private parts, 2. Do Wudu (ablution), 3. Wash your entire body without touching your private parts again
God
See Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala)
Gog and Magog (Hajuj and Majuj)
Two evil empires. They are mentioned in the Qur'an al karim and Ahadith (Bukhari and Muslim) when mentioning some of the scenes just before the final hour. See Quran, Surah Al-Anbiyaa (21:96), Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Fitan wa Isharat as-Say'ah.
H
H
Hadith (Hadis Hadeeth)
Reports on the sayings and the traditions of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) or what he witnessed and approved are called Hadith. These are the real explanation, interpretation, and the living example of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) for teachings of the Qur'an al karim. His sayings are found in books called the Hadith books.
Some famous collectors of Hadith are Imam Al-Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Imam An-Nasa'i, Imam Abu Dawood, Imam At-Tirmidhi, and Imam Majah (May Allah be pleased with them). There are many others.
Hadith qudsi
The Hadith Qudsi are hadith's in which the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) says that Allah says so and so. The meaning of the these hadith was revealed to the Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) but he put them in his own words, unlike the Qur'an al karim which is the word of Almighty Allah and the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) conveyed it exactly as it was revealed to him.
Hafiz (haa-fiz)
One who has memorized the entirety of the Qur'an al karim. Thousands of Muslim men and women throughout the world dedicate their time and energy to this tradition, which serves to maintain the Qur'anic scripture as it was revealed to the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), over 1,400 years ago.
Hajar (haa-jer)
One of Abraham's wives who, along with her infant son Isma'il, was settled in Arabia by Abraham. She may be considered the founder of the city of Makkah, since it was a desolate valley prior to her arrival and discovery of the sacred well known as ZamZam.
Hajar Al-aswad (Al)
The 'Black Stone', a stone which is said to have fallen from heaven, set into one corner of the Ka'abah in Mekkah by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) (Alayhi asalam), which pilgrims, in imitation of Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), kiss while performing the Hajj or Umrah.
Hajj (HAJ)
The pilgrimage (journey) to Makkah (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) undertaken by Muslims in commemoration of the Abrahamic roots of Islam. The Hajj rites symbolically reenact the trials and sacrifices of Prophet Abraham (alayhi asalam), his wife Hajar, and their son Isma'il over 4,000 years ago.
Hajj is an Arabic word which means the performance of pilgrimage to Makkah in Arabia. It is one of the five pillars of Islam. A Muslim is to perform Hajj at least once in his/her life, if means and health allow.
There are rules and regulations and specific dress to be followed. It is to take place during the last month of the lunar calendar called the month of Dhul-Hijjah. The Hajj is performed annually by over 3,000,000 pilgrims from all corners of the globe.
There are three types of Hajj:
*Hajj at-Tamattu' (interrupted). Umrah followed by Hajj, but taking off the Ihram in between these two stages.
*Hajj al-Qiran (combined). Umrah then Hajj without taking off the Ihram
*Hajj al-Ifrad (single). Hajj without Umrah.Hanafi
Halal
An act or product that is lawful and permitted in Islam, based on the two authoritative sources, the Qur'an al kareem and the Sunnah of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam).
Halif
A person who enjoys the protection of a tribe but does not belong to it by blood.
Halqah
A group of students involved in the study of Islam.
Hamzah (hum-zah)
Uncle of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) and one of his Sahabah. He is fondly remembered by Muslims for his support of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) at a time when most other relatives turned away from him because he called on people to worship God alone.
Hanafi
Islamic school of law founded by Imam Abu Hanifa Radi Allahu anhu. One of the four main schools of thought of the Ahl as-Sunnah w'al Jama'at. Followers of this school are known as the Hanafis.
Hanif (HANEEF)
People who during the time of Jahiliyyah (ignorance) rejected the idolatry in their society. These people were in search for the true religion of Prophet Ibraham (ABRAHAM) (alayhi asalam). Means ; Upright and true to faith in the Unity of Allah Subhana wa Ta’ala.
Haq (Haqq)
The truth. Legal right.
Haraam (Ha-raam, haram)
Arabic term designating that which is deemed unlawful or forbidden in Islam, based on the two authoritative sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam). Muslims must refrain from all things or actions designated haram. Something which is unlawful or prohibited in Islam.
Hawwa
Eve, the wife of Prophet Adam (alayhi asalam). The Qur'an al kareem indicates that Hawwa was created as an equal mate for Adam, and that both Adam and Hawwa sinned equally when they disobeyed God by eating fruit from the forbidden tree in their garden abode. Upon turning to God in repentence, both were likewise equally forgiven.
Hegira
See Hijrah.
Hifz
The Arabic root of this word is Hafiza which means to memorize. In the religious sense, Muslims try to memorize the whole Qur'an al karim. Any person who achieves this task is called Hafiz.
A Hafiz is recognized by his community and is given certain privileges. There are millions of Muslims who make 'Hifz' of the entire Qur'an al kareem.
Hijab (hee-jaab)
Commonly, the term hijab is used to denote the scarf or other type of head-covering worn by Muslim women throughout the world. However, the broader definition of the term refers to a state of modesty and covering that encompasses a woman's entire body, excluding hands and face.
Hijrah
Means migration. The Hijrah refers to the Beloved Prophet's (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) migration from Makkah to Madinah. This journey took place in the twelfth year of his mission (622 C.E.). This is the beginning of the Muslim calendar. The word hijrah means to leave a place to seek sanctuary or freedom from persecution or freedom of religion or any other purpose. Hijrah can also mean to leave a bad way of life for a good or more righteous way.
Hijri
Name of the Islamic lunar calendar. It took its name from the early Muslims who migrated from Makkah to Madinah, and commences from the date of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad's (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) Hijra, which he made with Hadrat Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu), in 622AC. Often abbreviated to A.H. (After Hijra). The months of the Islamic calendar are:
1)Muharram.
2)Safar.
3)Rabi'i al-Awal.
4)Rabi'i al-Akhira.
5)Jumada al-Awal.
6)Jumada al-Akhira.
7)Rajab.
8)Sha'ban.
9)Ramadan.
10)Shawal.
11)Dhul Qu'dah.
12)Dhul Hijjah
Hikmah (hick-ma)
Arabic word meaning wisdom.
Hira (hee-ra)
The cave on the outskirts of Makkah where the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), at the age of forty, received the first revelations of the Qur'an al kareem, beginning with the word "Iqra" which means "read." The cave was a favourite place of retreat for Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) prior to his call to Prophethood, where he could contemplate alone and seek God free from the distractions of the city below.
Hudud
The limits ordained by Allah. The boundary between what is Halal (lawful) and what is Haram (unlawful), set by Allah. Whoever transgresses these limits may be punished or forgiven by Allah. This includes the punishment for crimes.
Hujjaj
Pilgrims. Persons who have been on the pilgrimage to Mekkah during the Hajj season in the month of Dhul Hijjah. Singular: Haj = a male pilgrim, Hajah = a female pilgrim.
Hukum
The closest equivalent in the English language is "verdict". It usually applies to a judgement on legal issues, especially with regard to religious matters.
Huquq
Plural of haq'
I
Ibadah (ee-baa-dah)
Literally, "worship," this term refers to any and all acts which demonstrate obedience and commitment to God. Thus in Islam, visiting the sick, giving charity, hugging one's spouse, or any other good act is considered an act of ibadah.
Iblis (ib-lees)
The personal name of Satan (shaitan), or the devil, as found in the Qur'an al kareem. Iblis is believed to be a prominent member of the jinn, a class of God's creation. He rebelled against God and was cast out from Heaven. God warns human beings repeatedly in the Qur'an al kareem that Iblis is an avowed enemy of humankind, whose temptations must be resisted in order to stay on the "Straight Path."
Ibn (ib-un)
Arabic term meaning "son of." Many famous Muslim men in history are known by a shortened version of their names begining with ibn. Examples include, Ibn Khaldun (a historian), Ibn Sina (a physician), Ibn Rushd (a judge and philosopher), and Ibn Battuta (a world traveler).
Ibrahim (ib-raa-heem)
Abraham (alayhi asalam), a Prophet and righteous person revered by Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike as the patriarch (father-figure) of monotheism. Muslims commemorate Abraham's (alayhi asalam), devotion, struggles, and sacrifices during the annual Hajj rites.
Ifrad (Hajj al)
"Single Hajj". Performing Hajj without performing the Umrah.
Ihram (ih-raam Ihraam)
State of consecration into which Muslims enter in order to perform the Hajj or Umrah (lesser pilgrimage). The term also refers to the specific dress, made of white, unstitched, seamless cloth, donned by pilgrims while in this state. During the Hajj, the ihram worn by pilgrims serves to reinforce a sense of humility and purity, and human equality in the eyes of God.
Ihsan (ehsan, ehsaan, ihsaan)
Ihsan or "spiritual virtues"! Kindness, Goodness. Ihsan has two literal meanings, doing something well and perfectly and doing someone a favour, and is sometimes used in the Qur'an al kareem and the Sunnah with either meaning. According to a Prophetic saying, Ihsan (perfect goodness or doing what is beautiful) means that you worship God as if you see Him; for even if you do not see Him, He certainly sees you.
Ijarah (ijara)
Literally means "to give something on rent".
Ijarah wa iqtina
Contract of renting, hiring or leasing. This term refers to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic banks. It is a contract under which the Islamic bank finances equipment, a building or other facility for the client against an agreed rental together with an undertaking from the client to purchase the equipment or the facility. The rental as well as the purchase price is fixed in such a manner that the bank gets back its principal sum along with some profit, which is usually determined in advance.
Ijma (ij-maa)
Consensus of opinion among scholars and leaders. Ijma is one of the means employed by Muslims for joint decision-making, and for interpreting the Shari'ah.
Ijtihad (IJTEHAD IJTIHAAD IJTEHAAD)
Exerting the sum total of one's ability attempting to uncover Allah's rulings on issues from their sources (Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma', etc.). Sometimes divided into complete ijtihad (the ability of one to independently arrive at Allah's rulings in all areas of fiqh) and partial ijtihad (the ability of one to do so only in certain areas of fiqh in which they have exerted such efforts).
Ikhlas (Ikh-laas)
Ikhlas "absolute sincerity" is critical, seeker must believe in the inner truths of the path.
Ikraam (ikram ekram ekraam)
Bounty, Generosity.
Ilm
Arabic term meaning "knowledge." The Qur'an al kareem and Hadith encourage Muslims to constantly strive to increase their knowledge, of both religious and worldly matters.
Imam (ee-maam)
Generally, the term Imam refers to one who leads congregational worship. More broadly, the term also applies to religious leaders within the Muslim community. Imams lead worship, give sermons, and perform other duties such as officiating marriages, they are not ordained clergy, nor do they belong to any kind of hierarchy. He is responsible for his mistakes to all the members of the community and above all he is responsible to Almighty Allah.
Iman (IMAAN EMAAN)
Faith and trust in Allah. Arabic term referring to a state of belief in God and other articles of faith, as well as actual demonstration of belief in practice and behaviour.
Insha-Allah (INSHA'ALLAH)
When a person wishes to plan for the future, when he promises, when he makes resolutions, and when he makes a pledge, he makes them with permission and the will of Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala). For this reason, a Muslim uses the Qur'anic instructions by saying Insha-Allah. The meaning of this statement is: If Allah wills. Muslims are to strive hard and to put their trusts with Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala). They leave the results in the hands of Allah.
Injeel
Arabic name for the holy scripture revealed to Prophet Isa - (Jesus) alayhi asalam. The Injeel is roughly analogous to the Evangelium of Christianity, and refers to a divine book provided to Jesus alayhi asalam by God, as distinct from the Christian Gospels, which are viewed as records of Jesus' life written by his closest contemporaries. It is refered to as the New Testament.
Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un (INNA LILLAHI WA INNA ILAHI RAJIOON)
When a Muslim is struck with a calamity, when he loses one of his loved ones, or when he has gone bankrupt, he should be patient and say this statement, the meaning of which is :We are from Allah and to whom we are returning.
Muslims believe that Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala) is the One who gives and it is He takes away. He is testing us. Hence, a Muslim submits himself to Allah. He is grateful and thankful to Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala) for whatever he gets. On the other hand, he is patient and says this expression in times of turmoil and calamity.
Insan (insan ensan ensaan)
Gender-free Arabic for 'human being'
Insan al-Kamil
Al-Insan al-Kamil "perfect man" who is the great spiritual teacher of the age, called qutb or "pole"
Iqamah (IQAAMAH)
Iqamah is an Arabic word that refers to the second call for the prayer which follows the first call (Adhan). Iqamah means that the prayer is ready to start. It is to be recited in Arabic before every obligatory prayer. It is composed of specific words and phrases very closely related to the Adhan.
Iqra (ik-raa)
Arabic word meaning "to read" or "recite," it was the first word of the Qur'an al kareem revealed to the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) during one of his retreats to the cave of Hira above Makkah. Muslims refer to this word to remind themselves of the importance of acquiring knowledge, "from the cradle to the grave" as Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) said.
Isa (ee-sa)
Jesus - Isa (alayhi asalam), an eminent Prophet in Islam. Muslims believe that Mary, the mother of Jesus(alayhi asalam), was a chaste and pious woman, and that God miraculously created Jesus in her womb. After his birth, he began his mission as a sign to humankind and a prophet of God, calling people to righteousness and worship of God alone. Muslims do not believe Jesus was crucified, but rather that God spared him such a fate and ascended him to Heaven.
Isha (ISHAA)
The obligatory salaah, prayer, after sunset later in the evening.
Ishtirak
Equivocally; participation; partnership. Istidanah: Raising or building up credit through credit purchases. It however does not apply to the raising of cash loans.
Islam
Islam is an Arabic word the root of which is Silm and Salam. It means among others: peace, greeting, salutation, obedience, loyalty, allegiance, and submission to the will of the Creator of the Universe.
Islam is the last and final religion to all mankind and to all generations irrespective of colour, race, nationality, ethnic background, language, or social position.
The religion of Islam is not to be confused with Mohammedanism. The latter is misnomer to Islam. Muslims do not accept this name as it gives wrong information about Islam and Muslims.
Isma'il (iss-ma-eel)
The elder son of Prophet Abraham (alayhi asalam), born to his wife Hajar. When he was about thirteen years old, Isma'il (alayhi asalam) helped Abraham (alayhi asalam) build the Ka'bah as a place for monotheists to worship the One God. He, along with his younger brother Is'haq (alayhi asalam) (Isaac), are considered by Muslims to have been Prophets in their own right.
Isra' and Mi'raj (iss-raa, me-raaj)
The miraculous "Night Journey" and "Ascension" of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam), respectively, which took place in 619 C.E. This important event, which took place in the year of Muhammad's (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam) wife Hadrat Sayyeda Khadijah's (Radi Allahu ta'ala anha) death, gave strength to him by reaffirming God's support for him. During this event, instructions for the formal Muslim prayer were revealed to Muhammad, making them a cornerstone of Muslim faith and practice.
Istighfar
To seek Allah's forgiveness. It is something that must be done continuously in a Muslims life.
Istisna'
This is a kind of sale, where a commodity is transacted before it comes into existence. It means to order a manufacturer to manufacture a specific commodity for the purchaser. If the manufacturer undertakes to manufacture the goods for him with material from the manufacturer, the transaction of Istisna' comes into existence. But it is necessary for the validity of Istisna' that the price is fixed with the consent of the parties and that necessary specification of the commodity (intended to be manufactured) is fully settled between them. This kind of sale, used as a mode of financing, is also called 'Parallel Istisna'.
Itikaf (Ittekaf itekaf ittikaf)
Itikaf is one of the many observances that are related exclusively to Ramadan. The basic aim of Itikaf is that a person retreats to the Mosque cut off from the daily routine of worldly life and spends time praying and worshiping The Creator. The practice of Itikaf takes place in the last ten days of Ramadan which encompasses "The Night of Power" when a Muslim’s devotion is brought to its climax. Linguistically “I'tikaf” means to commit oneself to doing something to the exclusion of everything else. In a religious context, it means to stay in a Mosque for worship. Reference to it is made in the Qur'an al kareem in Verse 187 of Surah 2. All scholars agree that it is a Sunnah, following the practice of the Most Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Abdullah ibn Umar (Radi Allahu ta'ala anhu), a learned companion of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), reports that “Allah’s Messenger (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) used to stay in the Mosque during the last ten days of Ramadan.” (Related by Al Bukhari).
Iwad
Compensation or counter-value.
J
J
Jahalah
Uncertainty in a contract that may lead to a later dispute; see gharar.
Jahannam (ja-hun-num)
Means Hell. A term found in the Qur'an al kareem in reference to Hell, described as a place of torment, sorrow, and remorse. Islam teaches that God does not wish to send anyone to Hell, yet justice demands that righteous people be rewarded and those who insist on evil living without repentance and on denial of God be punished.
Jahiliyyah (jaa-he-lee-yah)
A term designating a state of ignorance and immorality. This term is commonly used by Muslims to refer to the pre-Islamic era in Arabia, when immorality, oppression, and evil were rampant. Some may use the term to describe aspects of modern living as well.
Jalaal (jalal)
Majesty, Power, Wrath
Jalbab
This is a long loose fitting garment worn by the Arabs.
Janazah (ja-naa-zah)
The Muslim funeral prayer, performed as a sign of respect and goodwill for a deceased Muslim, immediately prior to burial. The prayer reminds all Muslims of their ultimate mortality, thereby reinforcing an ethic of righteous and God-conscious living.
Jannah (jun-nah)
Means Paradise. A term found in the Qur'an al kareem in reference to Heaven, described as a place of happiness, contentment, and vitality. A reward for the righteous and God-conscious, Paradise is often described as a blissful garden, where people live in eternal comfort and joy.
Jazak-Allah khayran (JAZAKALLAH KHAIR JAZAKALLAHU KHAIR)
This is a statement of thanks and appreciation to be said to the person who does a favour. Instead of saying thanks (Shukran), the Islamic statement of thanks is to say this phrase. Its meaning is:May Allah reward you for the good.
It is understood that human beings can't repay one another enough. Hence, it is better to request Almighty Allah to reward the person who did a favour and to give him the best.
Jerusalem
See (al)-Quds
Jesus
See Isa.
Jibreel (Jibra-eel)
Muslims believe that angels are among God's many creations. Jibreel (alayhi asalam) (Gabriel in English) is believed to be one of the most important angels, as he was reponsible for transmitting God's divine revelations to all of the human Prophets, ending with the Most Beloved Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam). Due to his special role in bridging the divine and human realms, he is referred to in the Qur'an as a Spirit (ruh) from God.
Jihad (JIHAAD)
It is an Arabic word the root of which is Jahada, which means to strive for a better way of life. The nouns are Juhd, Mujahid, Jihad, and Ijtihad. The other meanings are: endeavor, strain, exertion, effort, diligence, fighting to defend one's life, land, and religion.
Jihad should not be confused with Holy War; the latter does not exist in Islam nor will Islam allow its followers to be involved in a Holy War. The latter refers to the Holy War of the Crusaders.
Jihad is not a war to force the faith on others, as many people think of it. It should never be interpreted as a way of compulsion of the belief on others, since there is an explicit verse in the Qur'an al kareem that says: 'There is no compulsion in religion' Al-Qur'an: Surah Al-Baqarah (2:256).
Jihad is not a defensive war only, but a war against any unjust regime. If such a regime exists, a war is to be waged against the leaders, but not against the people of that country. People should be freed from the unjust regimes and influences so that they can freely choose to believe in Allah.
Not only in peace but also in war Islam strictly prohibits terrorism, kidnapping, and hijacking, when carried against civilians. Whoever commits such violations is considered a murderer in Islam, and is to be punished by the Islamic state. during wars, Islam prohibits Muslim soldiers from harming civilians, women, children, elderly, and the religious men like priests and rab'ies. It also prohibits cutting down trees and destroying civilian constructions.
Jinn (JIN GINN)
A class of creation in some ways similar to human beings. Though they are non-physical beings, they possess, like humans, a free will. These are spiritual beings that inhabit the world and are required to follow the orders of Allah and are accountable for their deeds. They can be good or bad, just like people. The word Jinn in Arabic means hidden, which indicates that they are invisible creatures. They were created by Allah from fire.
Jizya
A tax imposed on non-Muslims who are under Muslim country.
Jo'alah (Joaalah)
The undertaking of one party (the Jael, bank or employer) to pay a specified amount of money to another party in return for rendering a specified service in accordance with the terms of contract.
Jum'ah (joom-ah)
The congregational worship performed on Fridays in place of the midday worship. On this special day, Muslims make a extra effort to go to their local masjid (Mosque) to listen to the khutbah (community address) by the Imam (worship leader) and to perform the formal worship with their fellow Muslim brothers. Muslims must perform Ghusl, wear clean clothes before attending the Mosque. It is compulsory for all Muslim males to attend Jum'ah.
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Ka'bah (KABAH)
An empty cube-shaped structure located in the city of Makkah (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) to which all Muslims turn to in their five daily prayers. Built by Prophet Abraham (alayhi asalam) and his son Prophet Ishma'il (alayhi asalam)about 4,000 years ago, the Ka'bah stands as the first building dedicated to the worship of the One God. The Ka'bah is made of stone, and is covered by a black and gold cloth embroidered with verses from the Qur'an al kareem.
Kafalah bi al-Thaman
Surety for paying the price or sum if unpaid by the person originally liable.
Kafil
A person providing surety or a guarantor.
Kafir
A person who refuses to submit himself to Allah (God), a disbeliever in God.
Kahf (kaaf)
Cave
Kalam (KALAAM)
Talk or speech as inkalamu Allah; has also been used through the ages to mean logic or philosophy.
Karamat (Ka-ra-mut)
Karamat means miracle. Karamat is something bestowed by Allah upon those believers who fear Allah (Subhanahu wa ta' ala).
Khadijah (kha-dee-jah)
The first wife of the Most Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), and during her lifetime, the only one. Hadrat Khadijah Radi Allahu ta'ala anha was a successful businesswoman in Makkah who employed the Beloved Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa 'aalihi wa Sallam) as a merchant/trader because of his well-known reputation for honesty and trustworthiness. The Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) was married to her for 25 years until her death at the age of 65 in 619 C.E. They had two sons [both died in infancy] and four daughters together.
Khalifah (kha-lee-fah)
An Arabic term meaning "successor," it refers to the rightful successor of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) as leader of the ummah (worldwide Muslim community). The Khalifah (caliph) is not a Prophet; rather, he is charged with upholding the rights of all citizens within an Islamic state and ensuring application of the Shari'ah (Islamic Law). The immediate successors of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam), known as the Khalifaa-e-Rashidun, "Rightly-Guided" Caliphs, were Hadrat Abu Bakr as-Sadiq, Hadrat Umar ibn al-Khattab, Hadrat Uthman ibn Affan, and Hadrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (Radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in).
Another title for the Khalifah (English = Caliph) is Amir Al-Mu'mineen which means 'the leaders of the believers'.
Khandaq
Means ditch.
Kharaj
Tax imposed on the revenue from land taken from non-muslims to ensure their equal rights under Islamic law.
Khatib (KHATEEB)
Orator, speaker.
Khirqa (Khir-qah)
Khirqa "cloak", usually patched garment representing renunciation of worldly value.
Khiyar-al-shart
The khiyar-al-shart is an option of stipulation on a contract that the Sunnah validates. It grants the buyer the option either to accept or nullify a contract, within a stipulated time frame (three days or so).
Khutbah (khut-bah)
A speech or sermon. Also refers to the weekly community address given by an Imam immediately prior to the Jum'ah (Friday) midday worship service. The address serves as a venue for leaders to share with members of the congregation religious insights, to discuss Islamic viewpoints on important contemporary issues, and to reinforce teachings of Islam.
Koran
See Qur'an (al kareem).
Kuffar
Plural form of kafir.
Kufr
To show ungratefulness to Allah and not to believe in Him and His religion.
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La hawla wa la quwwata illa billah
The meaning of this expression is: There is no power and no strength save in Allah.This expression is read by a Muslim when he is struck by a calamity, or is taken over by a situation beyond his control. A Muslim puts his trust in the hands of Allah, and submits himself to Allah.
La ilaha illallah Muhammadur Rasool-Allah (LAA ILAHA ILLALLAH MUHAMMAD-UR RASULALLAH )
This expression is the most important one in Islam. It is the creed that every person has to say to be considered a Muslim. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. The Shahadah; The Testimony of Faith. The meaning of which is: There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
Laat
A chief goddess in the religion of the pre-Islamic Arabs during the days of Jahiliyyah.
La'nat
Means curse.
Laylat al-Qadr (layl-at al-cud-er)
Literally, "Night of Power." This term is used in reference to the night in Ramadan, 610 C.E. on which the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) received the first revelations of the Qur'an al kareem, during his retreat in the cave of Hira above Makkah. Muslims commemorate this night, believed to be the 27th of Ramadan by offering additional prayers and supplications late into the night.
Lunar Calendar
The hijrah (migration of the Most Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam) from Makkah to Madinah in 622 C.E.), marks the starting point of the Muslim calendar, comprised of twelve lunar months (a lunar year is roughly eleven days shorter than a solar year (365 days), since each lunar month begins when the new moon's crescent becomes visible every 29 or 30 days). Muslims use such a Hijri calendar for various religious obligations such as fasting during Ramadan, celebrating the two Eid holidays, and performing the Hajj. Many contemporary sources on Islam include both the Gregorian (C.E.-common era or A.D.-anno domini) and Hijri (A.H.-after hijrah) dates for historical events. For example, a citation of 974/1566 corresponds to the date of death of the Ottoman sultan Sulayman "